How SGSN selects the GGSN in GPRS, using iDNS and eDNS
The network is not having only one GGSN, it may have a few GGSNs. Also, it is having a lot of APNs. Some of those APNs exist on all GGSNs, […]
QoS ‘Quality of Service’ in GPRS
QoS refers to ‘Quality of Service’. After ‘PDP context activation’ procedure completes, a ‘PDP context’ shall exist on the MS, the SGSN, and the GGSN. In addition, the GGSN assigns […]
Your Guide for PDP context activation procedure in 3G
At the end of this procedure, ‘PDP’ is established between the MS and the GGSN. The GGSN assigns an IP address for this ‘PDP. This is because the MS will […]
Combined Attach procedure in GPRS
‘Combined Attach’ means the MS is making an attach to the CS and PS domains in the same time. And this will save the radio resources of the network. This […]
Gs interface – SGSN/MSC association in GPRS
The Gs interface is the interface between the SGSN, and the MSC/VLR. In other words, it is the interface between the PS domain and the CS domain. When you switch […]
PMM state transition in 3G
The PMM state are the Mobility management state for the MM context exist on the MS and on the SGSN after the ‘GPRS attach’ procedure completed. Please take into consideration […]
What is Mobility Management states in GPRS
The GPRS Mobility Management determines if the user equipment is registered to the network or not. In another words, it defines if the network knows about the presence of the […]
Routing Area Update ‘RAU’ in GPRS
Types of Routing Area Update ‘RAU’ Intra-SGSN RAU The Intra SGSN RAU occurs when the MS moves from one RA to another RA, and both RAs exist under the same […]
Your reference for GPRS Attach Procedure
GPRS Attach procedure is the procedure in which the MS registers to the network. In other words, the network knows about the existence of the MS. After completing the process […]
Gn Interface and Gp Interface
Gn/Gp interface, is the interface between the SGSNs and the GGSNs. ‘Gn interface’ is the interface between the SGSNs and the GGSNs when they exist within the same mobile network. […]
Your Guide for Roaming architecture in GPRS
To understand Roaming architecture in GPRS, there are a few terms we have to understand, Outbound roaming The outbound roaming user simply means that you are travelling outside your country, […]
IMSI, MSISDN, IMEI, P-TMSI – Mobile Identifiers
In case there is an MS that is having Dual SIM, every SIM is having its own IMSI, MSISDN, IMEI, and P-TMSI. IMSI IMSI refers to ‘International Mobile Subscriber Identity’, […]
PLMN, LAC, and RAC – GPRS network identifiers
The mobile network contains many RNCs and BSCs. The RNCs connect to the 3G sites, and the BSCs connect to the 2G sites. In addition, every 3G or 2G sites, […]
What is PDP, and Attach in GPRS
What is PDP To know what is ‘PDP’, we should know that in order for an MS to be able to send and receive data to and from the PDN, […]
SGSN, GGSN – GPRS network architecture
GPRS refers to ‘General Packet Radio Service’. The GPRS network aims to transfer data and signaling in an efficient manner, and optimize the use of network and radio resources. GPRS […]
Your Guide to Mobile network technologies, GSM/GPRS/UMTS/LTE
Mobile network technologies has evolved over time to satisfy the increasing customer needs for higher data rates and better services. In brief, the Mobile Station you are having should be […]
Telecommunication jobs: what is ‘PS Core Engineer’
For people who would like to know about telecommunication jobs, the mobile network core has a valuable set of jobs. Actually, most of people don’t know about mobile core field. […]
5G Technology – New Radio (NR)
5G technology provides higher throughput, with low latency and more communication reliability, for the communication between end devices. 5G Technology – New Radio (NR) In order for 5G technology to […]
5G Introduction
In this post we will discuss 5G Introduction. 5G is the fifth generation mobile network. It enables higher data rates for users with less latency compared to previous generations. In […]
What is Tracking Area in LTE ?
Here, we will discuss the Location identifiers in LTE mobile network, including the mobile operator identifier, the Tracking Area identifier, and the Cell identifier. In LTE mobile network, every eNB […]
Offline Charging vs. Online Charging in LTE
The type of charging in LTE mobile network, may be Offline Charging or Online Charging. The main difference between the two types, is whether the charging can affect the user […]
Your Guide to LTE Interfaces
Let’s talk about LTE Interfaces. In LTE, every interface between two network nodes, is having an interface name, that represents the protocols used in the communication between those nodes. Below […]
VoLTE (Voice over LTE) Introduction
While the UE attached to LTE network, the UE can initiate, or receive a voice or a video call. The UE achieves this, by connecting to an external network, which […]
What is an ‘EPS Bearer’ in LTE ?
During ‘LTE attach’ procedure, the network establishes this EPS Bearer between the UE and the PGW. The PGW assigns an IP address for this Bearer. The UE uses this IP […]
Your Guide for LTE Attach procedure
After the LTE Attach Procedure ends, the following should be accomplished, The MME assigns the UE a GUTI. An EPS Bearer should be created between the UE and the PGW. […]
LTE (4G) Network Architecture
LTE network nodes LTE refers to ‘Long Term Evolution’, and the architecture of the LTE network is as following, eNodeB The eNodeB is the 4G site that the UE connects […]
Gr interface and Gs interface
The Gr interface exists between the SGSN and the HLR. While the Gs interface exists between the SGSN and the MSC/VLR. Both of those interfaces are based on the ‘SS7’ […]